Questions & answers

One cannot say whether it is right or wrong to borrow. But it is good to have the opportunity to do so when necessary. Generally speaking, it is not good to borrow in the long term for consumption, but it can be good in the short term in order to stimulate the economy. Loans to investments can be good since they lead to increased revenues in the future.

The central government debt varies over time, but it has remained between SEK 1,100 billion and SEK 1,400 billion over the last ten years. Measured as a proportion of gross domestic product (GDP), the central government debt has decreased from over 70 per cent in the mid-1990s to below 30 per cent. What is known as the Maastricht Debt, which comprises the entire public sector, is at around 40 per cent of GDP. The Debt Office reports the outcome of the central government debt once a month, which can be monitored here.

There are no political ambitions to pay off the entire central government debt in Sweden. Nor is there any future time when the debts have to be paid off. An important difference between an individual who borrows and a government is that the government is expected to continue to exist while an individual sooner or later must die. 

There is no saving objective for the central government but rather for the general government of the public sector: central government, local government and the pension system. The objective is that the saving (net lending) should be 1 per cent of GDP on average per year. 

The interest payments for the central government debt are financed through the central government budget. Loans that expire are paid for by taking out new loans. The Government’s biggest asset is future tax revenues. The most important thing for payment capacity is that the tax revenues are sufficient for all the Government’s obligations, both for expenditure and debts.

Today most people think that Sweden’s government finances are stable. However, during the early the 1990s Sweden’s government finances were very weak and the central government debt increased rapidly. Stability is important. A rapidly increasing central government debt can create a fear that the Government will not be able to pay for its obligations, and this in turn has negative effects on the country’s entire economy. Interest rates increase since the risk increases for lenders.

The statistics are compiled in Statistics Sweden’s financial accounts. Historically, insurance companies, pension institutions, and foreign investors have owned the majority of the securities issued by the Swedish state. Since 2015, the Riksbank has purchased government bonds for monetary policy purposes and thereby become the largest owner. In 2020, the Riksbank held on average around one-third of the central government debt. In pace with the Riksbank purchasing bonds, foreign investors have reduced their ownership. Ownership by insurance companies and pension institutions has been relatively stable and amounts to just over 20 per cent. The banks’ holdings of government securities have stayed at approximately 1–4 per cent over the last four years.

Even with a well-functioning financial market, there may be challenges in financing environmental investments involving loans with longer maturities.

To be eligible for a guarantee, a loan must amount to at least SEK 500 million.

The central government shares the risk with the lender and guarantees up to 80 per cent of the loan.

Credit institutions can apply for risk coverage for loans to companies. 

The maximum maturity of a guarantee is 15 years. There is not a predetermined repayment schedule.

The industrial investment must be in Sweden and must meet the criteria specified in the ordinance (2021:524) on state credit guarantees for green investments.

You will find the application form and instructions on our website.

The borrower pays interest to the lender as usual. The lender in turn pays a guarantee fee to the Debt Office based on the borrower’s creditworthiness in accordance with the ordinance (2021:524) on state credit guarantees for green investments.

The fee that the Debt Office charges under the ordinance (2021:524) on state credit guarantees for green investments must be consistent with the market. For the Debt Office, this means that the fee is made up of an administrative fee as well as a guarantee fee consisting of a fee for expected loss and a premium to ensure that the fee is market-based and thereby no state aid is involved.

The administrative fee is to cover the costs incurred by the Debt Office in issuing a guarantee. It must also cover the Debt Office’s continual costs for managing the guarantee during its term to maturity.

The part of the guarantee fee that is set in relation to the state’s expected loss is based on the borrower’s creditworthiness. Significant factors that are also taken into account and that affect the size of the fee for expected loss are, among other things, collateral and the guaranteed loan’s maturity and repayment (amortisation) structure.

The guarantee fee also contains an allowance to ensure that the fee is consistent with the market. The Debt Office needs to compensate for the difference in capital requirements for itself and private actors. The Debt Office also makes a market-based adjustment of the fee.

See section 8 of the ordinance (2021:524) on state credit guarantees for green investments for more information.

The administrative fee must be paid by the time of the first disbursement of the loan. 

The guarantee fee must be paid at the time of the first disbursement of the loan or, at the latest, in conjunction with the respective loan disbursement. 

The Debt Office will, as a starting point, use the taxonomy developed by the European Commission as an essential tool for the evaluation.

See also the programme report on the environmental evaluation produced in collaboration with the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, available on the Debt Office’s website.

The programme report (only available in Swedish)

There are no general delimitations in the regulations governing the Debt Office’s work with the green credit guarantees.